Saint James, Apostle


James and his brother John were sons of Zebedee and, together with Peter, were among the inner circle of Jesus’ twelve disciples. The family seems to have been of a slightly higher social level than the ordinary fisherman as we are told that Zebedee had hired men to help with the fishing (Mark 1:20). James and John were, with Peter and Andrew, among the first four to be called to follow Jesus.

They also had the special privilege, along with Peter, to be witnesses of the Transfiguration (see Matt 17:1, Mark 9:2, Luke 9:28), to be present at the healing of Peter’s mother-in-law (Mark 1:29) and the raising of the daughter of Jairus (Mark 5:37, Luke 8:51). After the Last Supper, it was these three who were called to watch and pray with Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matt 26:37, Mark 14:33).

Jesus on one occasion called James and John, Boanerges, “sons of thunder” (Mark 3:17), perhaps indicating they were somewhat headstrong and impulsive. On one occasion, recounted by Luke (9:54), when Jesus and his disciples were refused hospitality by Samaritan villagers, James and John suggested Jesus call down fire from heaven on the offenders. On another occasion, they went behind the backs of their companions, and asked for the two best places in the Kingdom. On both occasions, they showed they had yet little real understanding of the Way of Jesus.

All that changed, of course, with the suffering, death and resurrection of Jesus. James would have been among the disciples when Jesus appeared to them after the resurrection and gave them their mission to continue his work. James would also have been present when the Spirit of Jesus was given to the disciples, after which they set aside all their former fears and boldly proclaimed the Gospel.

About the year 44 AD, and at the time of the Passover, Acts tells us that:

About that time King Herod laid violent hands upon some who belonged to the church. (Acts 12:1)

He seems to have done this as a sign of support for the Pharisees. One of the first victims was James, the brother of John.

King Herod Agrippa I was the grandson of Herod the Great, who had tried to kill Jesus after his birth (Matt 2:16-18) and a nephew of Herod Antipas, who executed John the Baptist (Mark 6:14-29) and spoke with Jesus on Good Friday (Luke 23:6-12). He was also the father of Herod Agrippa II, who heard the defence of Paul before Roman Governor Festus (Acts 25:23-27).

James was the first of the Twelve to suffer martyrdom and the only one whose death is recorded in the New Testament. By tradition all of the Apostles were martyred, but the evidence in many cases is based on legend.

James is often called ‘the Greater’, to distinguish him from the other James, son of Alphaeus. There is a very strong tradition that he went as a missionary to Spain and that, after his death, he was buried in Spain at the town of Compostela, in Galicia (some say the name, Compostela, is a corruption of ‘apostle’, but for others it comes from campus stellarum, or ‘field of stars’). Compostela became a major place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages and was a rallying point for Spaniards trying to drive out the Moors who had occupied a large part of the country. “Santiago de Compostela!” was one of their battle cries. (The Spanish form of “James” is “Diego” or “Iago”. ‘James’ and ‘Jacob’ are forms of the same name.) The pilgrimage to the grave of the Saint, known as the “Way of St. James”, has become a highly popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the early Middle Ages onwards, thus making James one of the patron saints of pilgrimage.

The 12th-century Historia Compostellana, commissioned by bishop Diego Gelmírez, provides a summary of the legend of St James as it was believed at Compostela. Two propositions are central to it: first, that St James preached the gospel in Spain as well as in Palestine, and, second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa I his disciples carried his body by sea to Spain, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia, and took it inland for burial at Santiago de Compostela.

An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for the Christian army at the battle of Clavijo during the re-conquest of Spain, and was henceforth called Matamoros (Moor-slayer).

James’s emblem was the scallop shell (or cockle shell), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore it as a symbol on their hats or clothes. The French for a scallop is coquille St Jacques, which means “cockle (or mollusk) of St James”. The German word for a scallop is Jakobsmuschel, which means “mussel (or clam) of St James”; the Dutch word is Jacobsschelp, meaning “shell of St James”.

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